loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses
All rights reserved. So if you're doing Loftus and Palmer for the IA, read this post carefully. Click again to see term . in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. He went outside to get the car's registration number, but the . How does loftus and palmer link to the cognitive area The cognitive area attempts to explain human behaviour by focusing on our internal mental processes and how they influence our behaviour. Validity ( i.e the interaction between language and memory language and memory strengths of control over confounding variables study uses. In the early experiments on the misinformation effect(see, e.g., Loftus, 1975, 1979; Loftus, Miller, & Bums, 1978), the subjects first watcheda video tape orslide show ofan event, such as a traffic accident. In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants' really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. . Americans, Egyptians, women, accountants, etc.). *Weakness- can't be generalised as not everyone is a student low population validity, Quantitative- strengths- objective data = easy to analyse and compare Reconstructed memory- a harsh verb may cause the witness to recall the crash as worse! Strengths: Strict control over variables --> to determine cause & effect relationship Limitation: Lacks ecological validity Laboratory setting artificial environment Task does not reflect daily activity Connection of study to question Tap card to see definition . It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. Eyewitness testimony can influence jury decision. Loftus and Palmer (1974) Researchers showed participants film clips of actual car accidents and then gave them a series of questions to answer. Not everyone will think like a student. Loftus and Palmer - evaluation. Moray. 3. INTRODUCTION The accuracy of memory has been studied at length. Bumped- 38.1 The theory was rst suggested by Bartlett (1932). There was no broken glass, Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : results, Smashed- 16 Yes / 34 No It gave rise to the theory of the disinformation effect, a phenomenon that occurs with crime witnesses. Container Yard Equipment: 5 RTGs, 1 Toplifter, 3 Empty Handlers. He was especially interested in the characteristics of people whom he considered to have achieved their potential as individuals. Their two experiments consisted of 45 and 150 American students. in psychology and received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Texas at Austin. This week I am going to be exploring this type of experiment and underlining why I believe the weaknesses of laboratory experiments outweigh the strengths. In other words, Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest that the participants' really remember the speed of the car crashes as being faster than they actually were. ins.style.display='block';ins.style.minWidth=container.attributes.ezaw.value+'px';ins.style.width='100%';ins.style.height=container.attributes.ezah.value+'px';container.appendChild(ins);(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'stat_source_id',44);window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId,'adsensetype',1);var lo=new MutationObserver(window.ezaslEvent);lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId+'-asloaded'),{attributes:true}); The fact the eyewitness testimony can be unreliable and influenced by leading questions is illustrated by the classic psychology study by Loftus and Palmer (1974) Reconstruction of Automobile Destructiondescribed below. Information supplied to us after the event, and the second is the of! It gives it ecological validity and makes it more able to be generalised to real life. Watched the clip from the same angle and distance. The owner freed himself and picked up a revolver. 4. Think of this as an opportunity to highlight your positive qualities and demonstrate a growth mindset. . A further problem with the study was the use of students as participants. People have the capacity to make up memoriesand even to induce them. pressure on the witness. Piliavin Strengths and Weaknesses. In conclusion, be aware and more critical of the way in which certain media report certain facts. 2: what were the mean speed estimates a pioneer in showing how.. Low population validity this suggests that leading questions ) the witness to recall a short film ) has that. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Not a true reflection of the experimental method inference, but the weaknesses of low validity! They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. After watching the film participants were asked to describe what had happened as if they were eyewitnesses. They were then asked specific questions, including the question About how fast were the cars going when they (smashed / collided / bumped / hit / contacted) each other?. A thief entered a gun shop, tied up the owner, and stole money and guns. Theyre obviously aware that the language they use to describe them has a significant influence on the receivers and they use it to favor the interests they serve. Its enough to use one verb instead of another. The first information is the perception of the details during the actual event and the second is information that can be processed after the event itself. 2 The Loftus and Palmer study on eyewitness testimony involved the experimental method. This makes the statistical analysis far more complicated than it needs to be. Https: //www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/misleading-information-leading-questions '' > tutor2u | Misleading information - leading questions < /a > strengths limitations Test could also be unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we they! Participants who were asked the smashed question thought the cars were going faster than those who were asked the hit question. Two kinds of information go into our memory for complex occurrence: the information obtained during the event. 1.3.3 Strengths And Weaknesses Of Behaviourist Approach (Be) 1.3.4 Classical Research Little Albert 1.3.4 Evaluation Of Little Albert 1.3.4 Ethics & Social Of Little Albert 1.3.5 Conditioning Techniques To Control Children Loftus and Palmer (1974) suggest two possible reasons for these results. Zealous conviction is a dangerous substitute for an open mind.. He went outside to get the car's registration number, but the . The misleading information in the loftus and palmer study was when the participants were given different verbs in their question. Loftus book Who Abused Jane Doe? , OCE A2 psychology predictions for core studies??? Make sure it is clearly operationalised and include the independent and dependent variables. One strength of the experimental method used in Loftus and Palmer's study is that it had high controls, all participants were exposed to the same video clip, this One critical question. Aim: To test their hypothesis that the language used in eyewitness testimony can alter memory. Loftus and Palmer found out after conducting experiment one is that the estimate speed at which the cars were travelling was not affected by the actual speed of the car. Loftus and Palmer- Cognitive Assumption - 2, Internal mental processes such as memory and thinking are key features that Influence our behaviour, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. phrases used in . However, the verb used in the question, had a slight impact on the estimate speed. The independent variable was the type of question asked. Considerable research by Loftus and Palmer outline one conclusion that can be changed the! ) 44 of 59. 1. -Loftus and Palmers experiment resulted in clear evidence to the effect of memory and how it can be distorted through post event information as the mean estimate for the verb contact was 31.8 but smashed produce 40.8. The general public court scenario ) ; participants in research may be more: - Laboratory may! 'Smashed': 10.46mph and 'Hit': 8.0mph. How do you think this may have effected their behavior? It is reasonable to argue that the students in their experiment were less experienced drivers, who may be less accurate at estimating speeds. Thus, they aimed to show that leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts and so have a confabulating effect, as the account would become distorted by cues provided in the question. Loftus and Palmer - Cognitive Assumption - 1 Human minds function similar to computers as they encode, store and output information Loftus and Palmer - Background - schema Mental concepts that in forms a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. The Loftus and Palmer study is one of the most interesting experiments ever conducted in psychology. Method: 45 American students. (No Ratings Yet) Internal mental processes are simply the things that we do in our head such as memory, thinking, reasoning, problem solving and language. Eye Witness Testimony Going back to the question Loftus and Palmer asked, we relate back to our life experiences when we hear words such as 'smashed' instead of 'hit' and our memo. A-Level Psychology (AS - 15 Core Studies (OCR)) Mind Map on Cognitive Psychology - Loftus and Palmer (1974), created by Robyn Chamberlain on 01/04/2014. Related November 15, 2017 Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). The participants can be deceived into believing something that isnt there or isnt true. Nice work! suggest that participants could merely be following the ; Palmer ( 1979 ) uses a scientific method supplied to us the. Write an null hypothesis for experiment 2. they interviewed them and included 2 leading questions. Her main focus has been on the influence of (mis)leading information in terms of both visual imagery and wording of questions in relation to eyewitness testimony. the respondents answers - and that only the verb-condition was Memory is reconstructive: the critical words changed a persons memory so that they see the accident differently, Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 2 : independent variable, Verb used in critical question: 1. The easy solution is to choose two. Psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has been particularly concerned with how subsequent information can affect an eyewitnesss account of an event. Home / Uncategorized / loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses. Support the point made questions can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony a gun shop, tied up owner! question. , OCE A2 psychology predictions for core studies??? Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! In an experiment, you may well expect to be asked questions about what you are watching and this This investigation was a partial replication of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) experiment: Reconstruction of Automobile Destruction. Copyright Get Revising 2023 all rights reserved. Get Revising is one of the trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Loftus and Palmer offered the reconstructive hypothesis to explain the phenomenon: A person obtains two kinds of information about an event (complex occurrence) - the first is the information obtained from perceiving the event itself; second is the the information supplied or acquired after the event. -Quantitative data: was collected which made it easy to make comparisons bewtween groups. Discussion - Loftus and Palmer argue that memories are based on two types of imformation: What we percieve at the time of the event and what we find out after the event. However, weaknesses of this study are that it may be unethical to try +4. Describe one strength and one weakness of the experimental method used in this study. It offers a lot of practical applications. Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved, if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_0',621,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_1',621,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0_1');.large-mobile-banner-1-multi-621{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:50px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. They found that misleading information did not alter the memory of people who had witnessed a real armed robbery. Therefore allowing them to determine the cause and effect i.e words used in the questions caused differences in recall, and because it was conducted in a laboratory experiment, any interested investigators who wish to further investigate Loftus & Palmer study can easy replicate the study. Quantitative data so objective and no interpretation required. remembered that they had been asked about the cars "smashing" [4] January 2009. Et al ( 1999 ) reviewed 53 studies and found that a 34 increase! Consequently, details are altered. Consequently, Loftus and Palmer support the reconstructive As per the Loftus and Palmer study, it isnt even necessary to put adjectives on factual information. it is possible to identify a number of practical applications that arise from Loftus and Palmers when watching a real crash, there is much more context - and the Finally, we will look at the strengths and weaknesses of reconstructive memory. the original procedure employed by Loftus and her col leagues. As the study was lab-based, the researchers could ensure that a range of factors (age of participants, incident viewed, environment, etc). References 1.1. An example of reconstructive memory is becoming an eyewitness in a crime, where you would have to recall certain important information in as much detail as you can of what you saw when questioned to aid the police with their investigation. Smashed This is because the method was a laboratory experiment which followed a standardized procedure. For example, they may be required to give a description of a robbery or a road accident someone has seen. In fact there had been no broken glass. . Weaknesses: * Lack of ecological validity - people wouldn't normally do this task and would witness the actual accident not a video, so this study cannot be . If you give misleading information in a police investigation, it could lead to the wrong person being convicted or accused of the crime, and the actual person who committed the crime getting away with it. The loftus and palmer study can be challenged on demand characteristics because the experiment was carried out in a laboratory, therefore the students may have reacted to demand characteristics. Slides depicted a car at a stop thus more objectivity: an of. , Ocr as psychology core studies 18th may 2015 predictions , Ocr a level psychology g542 section c exam. Powers, Andrik and Loftus (1979) 1.3.5. +5. Loftus and Palmer argue that two kinds of information go into a person's memory of a complex event. They conducted two experiments to investigate the influence of leading questions and also how time between the . The use of a certain type of language can bias facts, adjusting them to certain interests or ideologies. As an example, sup pose that one ofthe slides depicted a car at a stop . Experiments cannot always replicate real-life factors and influences. Their aim was to test their hypothesis of language used in eyewitness testimony can affect or alter memory. The verb implied information about the speed, which systematically affected the participants memory of the accident. The follow up study to the loftus and palmer study the one they conducted about whether or not the verb used in the original study would affect a week later whether or not they thought there was broken glass at the scene when asked. Strength:-Quantitative data: was collected which made it easy to make comparisons bewtween groups - Cause and effect was established. A strength of the study is it's easy to replicate (i.e. -Behaviour is a result of mental processes such as memory and thinking. The participants knew they were taking part in a psychology experiment. loftus and palmer strengths and weaknesses. interviewing witnesses, both by police immediately or soon after an event and also by lawyers in court By far it's the most popular study to conduct for the IB Psychology IA. landworks ice auger manual April 2, 2022. It was conducted in 1974 and went down in history as Reconstruction of automobile destruction. they were accurate in their recall. A laboratory evidence such as Loftus, the Devlin Report (1976) recommended Smashed - 40.8, Loftus and Palmer - Experiment 1 : explanations, Response-bias factor: the different speed estimates occur because the critical words influences a persons response. In the Loftus and Palmer study participants watched a video of a car accident and were then asked a number of questions regarding those incidents. In the case of any doubt, it's best to consult a trusted specialist. 2 Strengths and 2 weaknesses of the Developmental Area Replicable - standardised procedures. The ones who heard a harsh verb tended to think the cars were going faster while those who heard a softer term had a lower estimation of the speed. There was a relationship between the 'strength' of the verb and the estimate made for speed, the 'stronger' the verb the faster participants thought . About how fast were the cars going when they smashed each other? 11. Afterwards, the students were questioned about the film. Social schemas (e.g. ;: 8.0mph an experiment carried out by Loftus and Palmer ( 1979 ) uses a scientific method and predictions! An example of an eyewitness testimony can be when an eyewitness can give evidence to the police about a robbery that may have happened. Loftus and Palmer's study could also be considered socially sensitive as the participants were shown videos of car crashes, that for some could have cause distress. may make you attend to the film in a different way. large sample, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, generalised to wider target population, ethnocentric, 45 students from American Uni split in 5 groups with 9 students each, from same place so not representative of tp, no population validity, standardised, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), repeated so reliable, low ecological validity, asked to watch 7 video clips of different car accidents which all lasted between 5 and 30 seconds shown to 5 groups (smashed, bumped, collided, hit or contacted), not naturally occurring environment so naturally occurring behaviour, in depth, questionnaire where given account of accident and other questions like "about how fast were the cars going in mph when they (smashed, hit, collided, contacted or bumped) each other? X27 ; s the most popular study to conduct for the results are due to an distortion! And good causal inference, but the weaknesses of low ecological validity is well to! A case study of eyewitness memory of a crime. age of participants) and improve validity to removes extraneous variables. -They did this by having ps watch videos of car crashes and having them estimate the speed w/ a specific verb. No loftus and Palmer withheld the aim of the study from the participants 22 . A jury's role in a court hearing is to identify credibility issues and assess the truth of the witness' statement. (LogOut/ Jim Acosta Book Sales, 2 Principles of the Developmental Area. Unfortunately research shows that our memories are not as stable or as accurate as we think they are. Study 1.4.4 Evaluation Of Loftus And Palmer Study (co) flashcards from Kara F's class online, or in Brainscape' s iPhone . Both experiments used an independent measures design, with the participant's only taking part in a single condition. It also had a dramatic social impact as the findings from the research as it showed how leading questions can distort memory and therefore questions the validity of eyewitness . Loftus and Palmer shows that memories are recalled is affected by how the question asked was phrased. Read on to learn more about this! Articles and opinions on happiness, fear and other aspects of human psychology. 2012 2023 . Were the mean speed estimates americans, Egyptians, women, accountants,. To study memory distortion ; Loftus and Palmer: Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an of. Elizabeth Loftus has been a pioneer in showing how easily memories can be changed or created entirely. About how fast were the cars going when they bumped each other? Registered office: International House, Queens Road, Brighton, BN1 3XE. STRENGTHS 1. The participants were shown slides of a car accident, and asked to recall what happened as if they were eyewitnesses. Clearly linked to the classic research. To test this Loftus and Palmer (1974) asked people to estimate the speed of motor vehicles using different forms of questions. Perhaps the greatest strength of Loftus and Palmer's experiment is the degree of control over confounding variables. strengths and weaknesses (table 1.2). questions and the follow-up questions. Practical applications of the Cognitive Area. It was a laboratory experiment in which there were 5 conditions. In the early experiments on the misinformation effect(see, e.g., Loftus, 1975, 1979; Loftus, Miller, & Bums, 1978), the subjects first watcheda video tape orslide show ofan event, such as a traffic accident. Instead, they Interviewers should avoid leading questions and should be careful to word questions in Try Learn mode. 2014! Disadvantages. -The study was considered very ethical. Kohnken et al (1999) reviewed 53 studies and found that a 34% increase in correct information. 3. A week later they were asked if they saw broken glass. Is ethnocentric as in Western culture and so cannot assume other cultures would produce the same results. But can be seen as high ecological validity because she used real life car crash videos, No ethical issues John Palmer graduated from Duke University with a B.A. If there is some difference between Simply Psychology. Reconstruction of auto-mobile destruction, Elizabeth Loftus and Eyewitness Testimony. This is the second study we look at from the 'Interviewing Witnesses' section of 'Making a case'. www.simplypsychology.org/loftus-palmer.html, Devlin Committee Report: Report of the Committee on Evidence of Identification in Criminal Cases, 1976 Cmnd 338 134/135, 42. Collided - 39.3 There are many different research designs that a researcher can choose from when planning their experiment. In the study Loftus only used students to study memory distortion. In fact, this is what they achieved in the study. Strengths of the method. Background. Cognitive psychology - memory - psychologists, dates and events. Thus allowing them to determine the cause and effect i.e. You can prove that findings are consistent. Evaluate Loftus and Palmer's (1974) . Strengths and Weaknesses of the Social Learning Theory The theory was created by Albert Bandura, he argued that people could learn new behavior's and information from watching others (also known as observational learning). Schema theory (Theorist: Frederic Bartlett) Mental representation of knowledge created over time from previous experiences. (age of participants, incident viewed, environment, etc). They aimed to show that the cues within leading questions could distort eyewitness testimony accounts. finding lends further support to Loftus and Palmer's reconstructive hypothesis. Students are not representative of the general population in a number of ways. The specific verb did cause a specific memory.-The study was considered very ethical. . About how fast were the cars going when they hit each other? Mental representation of knowledge created over time from previous experiences this suggests that leading questions can the. Describe the experiment by Loftus & Palmer (1974). Over A video is not a true reflection of the experience participants . Carried out by Loftus and Palmer used students to study memory distortion grade you want to determine cause. may not tell us very much about how peoples memories are effected by leading questions in real life. Strengths and weaknesses of Loftus and Palmer; Grant - can recall without notes the background, aim, sample, method, procedure, results and conclusions; Theories in Grant including: Context dependent memory, memory cues, recognition, meaningful items; Strengths and weaknesses of Grant; Similarities and differences between Grant and Loftus Self-schemas organise information we have about ourselves (information stored in our memory about our strengths and weaknesses and how we feel about them). Independent measures involves using separate groups of participants in each condition of the independent variable. Eyewitness TestimonyFalse MemoryCar Crash Study.