how did islam impact the middle east

As the script in which the Quran was first written down indicated only the consonantal skeleton of the words, oral recitation was an essential element in the transmission of the text. The first four caliphs had been without exception Companions of the Prophet - pious, sincere men who had lived no differently from their neighbors and who preserved the simple habits of their ancestors despite the massive influx of wealth from the conquered territories. Yet so great was their fervor that in 1099 they took Jerusalem, establishing along the way principalities in Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli. Although the House of Wisdom originally concentrated on mathematics, it did not exclude other subjects. As was customary, Muhammad as a child was sent to live for a year or two with a Bedouin family. His death is still commemorated every year during the Islamic month of Muharram. Those who are ill, or on an arduous journey, for example, may fast the prescribed number of days at another time; those for whom fasting is impossible may forego it if they give stipulated alms to the needy. Pre-Islam. After its development in Turkey, it spread to the Arab countries and is in use today for formal documents and also as architectural decoration. Islam has had an enormous impact on the culture of the Middle East since the time of the Prophet Muhammad. Now with the Battle of Nihavand, called the "Conquest of Conquests," 'Umar sealed the fate of Persia; henceforth it was to be one of the most important provinces in the Muslim Empire. The nationalist government under Ataturk, dedicated to leading Turkey in the direction of secularism and Westernization, abolished the sultanate, declared a republic, and eventually (in 1924) abolished the caliphate as well. It also helped to give the Ottoman government more effective control over its territories in western Arabia. In the early period of 'Abbasid rule, al-Mansur, the second caliph of the dynasty, continued the reorganization of the administration of the empire along the lines that had been laid down by his Umayyad predecessor, 'Abd al-Malik. This section is more for the technologically minded. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. Photo: A forest of eight hundred and fifty pillars connected by Moorish arches lines the great mosque of Cordoba. This is a great article i ever seen Ma.Shaa.Allah. The creation of the office of the vizier was only one of the innovations the 'Abbasids brought to statecraft. The intensified spreading of Islam due to the arrival of Aabs and Somalis, and intermarriages with the local people resulted into the Swahili people and Swahili culture. Al-Razi, for example, was a philosopher and a mathematician as well as a physician and al-Kindi, the first Muslim philosopher to use Aristotelian logic to support Islamic dogma, also wrote on logic, philosophy, geometry, calculation, arithmetic, music, and astronomy. The Ottoman state was born on the frontier between Islam and the Byzantine Empire. Islamic architecture encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. The military conquest was inspired by religion, but it was also motivated by greed and politics. Science section features not just Science but also Nature and Technology. Since all government business was by now transacted in Arabic, manuals of correct usage were written for the instruction of non-Arabic speakers who had found government employment. Each millet was relatively autonomous, was ruled by its own religious leader, and retained its own laws and customs. Most important of all, he introduced Arabic as the language of administration, replacing Greek and Pahlavi. But as more revelations enjoined him to proclaim the oneness of God universally, his following grew, at first among the poor and the slaves, but later also among the most prominent men of Mecca. This alphabetical system is still used by the Arabs, much as Roman numerals are used in the West for outlines and in enumerating kings, emperors, and popes. Europe's worldwide nineteenth-century search for raw materials, markets, military bases, and colonies eventually touched most of what had been the Arab empire. This tolerance was typical of Islam. The Islam to spread because of the forgiveness of Muhammad that he help the people. His innovations left all enduring imprint on social welfare, taxation, and the financial and administrative fabric of the growing empire. I am from the Middle East myself. All of the letters are strictly speaking consonants, and unlike the Roman alphabet used for English and most European languages Arabic writing goes from right to left. I was born in Iran but we moved to Europe when I was a baby or toddler and I never had anything to do with religion. Secular states encouraged a more private practice of Islam. Among the first Europeans to gain a foothold in the Middle East were the Venetians who, as early as the thirteenth century, had established trading posts in what are now Lebanon, Syria, and Egypt, and who controlled much of the shipping between Arab and European ports. Shortly afterwards the Muslim army attacked the Sassanid Empire in Iraq, gaining a massive victory in 637 at the Battle of Qadasiya, and gradually conquering more and more of Iraq over the next dozen years. There was also a vast literature on the correct deportment of princes, as well as anthologies of witty sayings and anecdotes with which to enliven one's epistolary style. Now he was being treated by his former enemies as a leader in his own right. It was from these six, and from kufic, that later calligraphers, not only in the Arab world but in Iran, Turkey, and elsewhere as well, developed and elaborated other scripts. So long as they pay the poll tax, nothing but good shall befall them. It is a simple statement, yet also profound, for in it a Muslim expresses his complete acceptance of, and total commitment to, the message of Islam. Although unable to fend off the Crusaders at first - even offering the Crusaders access to Jerusalem if they would come as pilgrims rather than invaders - the Muslims eventually began to mount effective counterattacks. If the origin of this new method was Indian, it is not at all certain that the original shapes of the Arabic numerals also were Indian. Sometime later Muhammad married Khadijah, by whom he had two sons - who did not survive - and four daughters. This page is best viewed in an up-to-date web browser with style sheets (CSS) enabled. Earlier, before the Hijrah, the city had sent envoys to Mecca asking Muhammad to mediate a dispute between two powerful tribes. In 632, just three years later, he was suddenly taken ill and on June 8 of that year, with his third wife 'Aishah in attendance, the Messenger of God "died with the heat of noon.". The Turkish defeat in the First World War (in which the Ottoman Empire sided with Germany and the Central Powers) finally discredited the Young Turks, however, and paved the way for the success of a new nationalist movement under the leadership of an army officer named Mustafa Kemal, later known as Ataturk or "Father of the Turks." 'Abd al-Malik established a system of postal routes to expedite his communications throughout the far flung empire. Throughout this period the Ottomans contest control of the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea with the Portuguese, who establish themselves in Bahrain, Muscat, and Hormuz and assist Ethiopia in repulsing the Turks from the coast of East Africa. and A.D. 70. At first, most Muslims simply stayed in Spain; cut off from their original roots by time and distance they quite simply had no other place to go. Murad II was succeeded by Mehmed (Muhammad) II, called "The Conqueror" because on May 29, 1453, after his artillery finally breached Constantinople's massive walls, the city fell. For gold, once the vast quantities in the treasuries of the conquered countries were exhausted, they turned to several sources. At the beginning of this period, the European presence in the Islamic world was largely based on trade. By the early years of the twentieth century the Ottoman Empire was clearly in decline and was referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe." In innumerable, almost indescribable ways, it is also the central fact of Muslim life. 'Uthman's relatives - in particular Mu'awiyah, the powerful governor of Syria, where 'Ali's election had not been recognized - believed 'Ali's caliphate was invalid because his election had been supported by those responsible for 'Uthman's unavenged death. Photo: A fourteenth-century manuscript of a pharmaceutical text. The three most influential monotheistic religions in world history are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, all of which began in the Middle East. Photo: The shrine of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in an area revered by Muslims, Christians and Jews alike covers the rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven with the Angel Gabriel. Islamic Empire to 750 CE. I have learnt a lot from this article that Allah as it is only through the mercy of Allah that someones proportion of knowledge increases. Militarily formidable, they were also the first power to defeat the Mongols in open combat when, in 1260, the Mongols moved against Palestine and Egypt. The important office of wazir or vizier, chief counselor, may well have developed from Sassanid models. They will guide a lot there. Not only does it educate people's understanding of the world around them but also has rules and obligations which influence what people can or can't do. The last great Umayyad caliph was Hisham, the fourth son of 'Abd al-Malik to succeed to the caliphate. The Ottoman Turks have conquered and maintain effective control over diverse peoples in a vast empire stretching from Persia almost to the gates of Vienna and along the north coast of Africa to Algiers. Because the circumstances of each revelation were thought necessary to correct interpretation, the community, early in the history of Islam, concluded that it was imperative to gather as many traditions as possible about the life and actions of the Prophet so that the Quran might be more fully understood. But, bit by bit, they had to retreat, first from northern Spain, then from central Spain. Palestine, they pointed out, had been part of the Islamic world almost continually for twelve centuries; from 636 to the First World War. Short-Term Effects. Under a minor chieftain named Othman, groups of Turkish-speaking peoples in Anatolia were united in the Ottoman confederation which, by the second half of the fourteenth century, had conquered much of present-day Greece and Turkey and was threatening Constantinople. To obtain scarce metals the 'Abbasids had to turn elsewhere. They not only sponsored translations of Greek works, but wrote a series of important original studies of their own, one bearing the impressive title The Measurement of the Sphere, Trisection of the Angle, and Determination of Two Mean Proportionals to Form a Single Division between Two Given Quantities. The standing is not the end of the hajj, but is the culmination of a Muslim's devotional life. Another major figure in the Islamic Golden Age was al-Farabi, who wrestled with many of the same philosophical problems as al-Kindi and wrote The Perfect City, which illustrates to what degree Islam had assimilated Greek ideas and then impressed them with its own indelible stamp. Herbert's hero, Paul Atreides, is a man whose sense of supernatural mission is shadowed . Photo: The Mopti Mosque in the West African Republic of Mali. But then, in 1380, a new Turko-Mongol confederation was hammered together by another world conqueror: Tamerlane, who claimed descent from Genghis Khan. More than 60 percent of the Muslim population lives not in the Middle East, but in Asia. The Mamluks had been recruited by the Ayyubids and then, like the Turkish mercenaries of the 'Abbasid caliphs, had usurped power from their enfeebled masters. In the same period, the Arab countries themselves, voluntarily and pragmatically, continued to adopt Western techniques, forms, and to some extent concepts. In Lebanon missionaries from several countries founded a network of schools and universities. Some of these states made important contributions to Islamic culture. Six months later, when Britain withdrew and formation of the State of Israel was proclaimed, the Arabs went to war against the newly declared nation. But . Here, you will find quick shortcuts to major topics & hubs under IslamiCity. Muslim engineers also perfected the waterwheel and constructed elaborate underground water channels called qanats. Muslims believe that their sacred text, the Quran, is the absolute word of God as it was revealed to the prophet Muhammad. Faithful Muslims, therefore, submit unreservedly to God's will and obey His precepts as set forth in the Quran and transmitted to mankind by Muhammad, His Messenger. In 1187 Saladin counterattacked, eventually recapturing Jerusalem. Judaism dates from about 1200 B.C. It is the essence of Islam. Later, after Ibn al-Ahmar's death, Granada itself was rebuilt and became, as one Arab visitor wrote, "as a silver vase filled with emeralds. Hoping to cut Britain's lines to India and cripple its maritime and economic power, Napoleon crushed the Mamluks (who governed Egypt under Ottoman suzerainty) and briefly occupied the country. In Mecca the plotters arrived at Muhammad's home to find that his cousin, 'Ali, had taken his place in bed. The Ottoman Empire reached its peak in size and splendor under the sultan called Suleiman the Magnificent, who ruled from 1520 to 1566 and was known to the Turks as Suleiman the Law-Giver. He astounded them still further when he set their fears at rest by negotiating a generous treaty in which he told them: In the name of God you have complete security for your churches which shall not be occupied by the Muslims or destroyed. Photo: Persia's greatest contribution to ornament, gloriously colored enameled tile, faces the dome and stalactite portal of Shaykh Lutf Allah Mosque, built in the early 1600s on Isfahan's vast royal plaza. Some of the most beautiful existing buildings in the Muslim world were constructed at their instigation - buildings such as the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the lovely country palaces in the deserts of Syria, Jordan, and Iraq. It was not until the Umayyad Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic culture began to truly spread. Then, in 1497, five years after Ferdinand and Isabella ended Islamic rule in Spain, Vasco da Gama led a fleet of four Portuguese ships around Africa and in 1498 found a new sea route to India from Europe. Middle East in the 6th Century CE. We created it for only one thing in mind; to create a peaceful corner that features just inspiring and uplifting material, focused around Universal Values to be reflect upon -- at a time never needed more desperately than now. One of the main distinctions between the hajj and the 'umrah is that the 'umrah can be done at any time of the year, while the hajj must be performed on specified dates. Even in China (which has a Muslim population of some forty million) and the Central Asian republics of the CIS (ex-USSR), Arabic can be heard in the shahadah, in prayer, and in the chanting of the Quran. Although such internal conflict was by no means uncommon- the Christian kingdoms also warred incessantly among themselves- it did divert Muslim strength at a time when the Christians were beginning to negotiate strong alliances, form powerful armies, and launch the campaigns that would later bring an end to Arab rule. The religious leader, in turn, was responsible to the sultan or his representatives for such details as the payment of taxes. This new way of writing numbers was economical but not flawless. The men most responsible for encouraging the study of geometry were the sons of Musa ibn Shakir, al-Mamurl's court astronomer. This material became the basis for what is called the sunnah, or "practice" of the Prophet - the deeds, utterances, and taqrir (unspoken approval) of Muhammad. Another was the development of the Umayyad postal system into an efficient intelligence service; postmasters in outlying provinces were the eyes and ears of the government and regular reports were filed with the central government on everything from the state of the harvest to the doings of dissident sects. To a degree almost incomprehensible in the West it shapes and colors broadly, specifically, and totally the thoughts, emotions, and values of the devout Muslim's life from birth to death. In the early days of Islam, the extension of Islamic rule had been based on an uncomplicated desire to spread the Word of God. Margari Hill, Stanford University January 2009 available in PDF format ( 1.14 MB ). Requiring a high degree of engineering skill, qanats were built some fifty feet underground with a very slight inclination over long distances to tap underground water and were provided with manholes so that they could be cleaned and repaired. Their adoption in Europe began in the tenth century after an Arabic mathematical treatise was translated by a scholar in Spain and spread throughout the West. This was a milestone in the history of the Muslims. He wrote (originally cited in Robert Gottfried's Black Death):. Although the Arab Spring was marked by the rise of Political Islam movements, it also opened the door to discussions on topics that had long been Enraged, the Meccans set a price on Muhammad's head and set off in pursuit. Another was the development of Arabic, by the ninth century, into the language of international scholarship as well as the language of the Divine Truth. Life section is all about Society, Art, Culture, History, Sports, Food, Music and much more. How did Islam come to North Africa? Only one man of importance escaped the disaster - 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiyah al-Dakhil, a young prince who with a loyal servant fled to Spain and in 756 set up an Umayyad Dynasty there. Ironically, they also put an end to the centuries-old rivalry between the Arabs and Byzantines. Eventually the United Nations negotiated a truce, but fighting became endemic and war broke out again in 1956, 1967, and 1973. The Muslim view, moreover, is that the Quran supersedes earlier revelations; it is regarded as their summation and completion. One of its most famous scholars was Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Ishaq's father - known to the West as Joanitius - who eventually translated the entire canon of Greek medical works into Arabic, including the Hippocratic oath. The mandates, however, were granted, thus extending Western control of the Middle East and also setting the stage for one of the most tragic and intractable conflicts of modern times: the conflict over Palestine which has, since 1948, ignited four wars, sent masses of Palestinian Arabs into exile, contributed to the energy crisis of 1973, and, from 1975 on, fueled the civil war in Lebanon. To Him belongs all that is In the meantime, the Mongols, like so many of the peoples who had come into contact with Islam, had begun to embrace it. Considered dispassionately, the venture was impossible. Islamic calligraphers have experimented endlessly and have been extremely imaginative. From 821 onward Tahir and his descendants ruled Khorasan as an independent state, with the tacit consent of the 'Abbasids. The modern forms of the individual numbers in both eastern Arabic and western Arabic, or European, appear to have evolved from letters of the Arabic alphabet. Many of the advances in science, literature, and trade which took place during the Golden Age of the 'Abbasids and which would provide the impetus for the European Renaissance reached their flowering during the caliphate of al-Mamun, son of Harun al-Rashid and perhaps the greatest of all the 'Abbasids. It was by no means theoretical speculation; many of the dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts constructed at this time throughout the Islamic world still survive. The sunnah - which supplements and complements the Quran, the Word of God, and is next to it in importance - embodies the meticulously documented acts and sayings of the Prophet recorded in a body of writings called the hadith. As Jewish forces were victorious - and as stories spread that some 250 Arab civilians had been massacred in a village called Deir Yassin - thousands of Palestinians fled, among the first of today's 3.4 million refugees and exiles. Although the Byzantine Empire continued until 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, it never recovered its former power after the Fourth Crusade, and subsisted only in the half-light of history during its remaining years. Although the Umayyads favored their own region of Syria, their rule was not without accomplishments. 2 The camera obscura. He pushed forward with the pacification of Persia, continued to defend the Muslim state against the Byzantines, added what is now Libya to the empire, and subjugated most of Armenia. Confined to the coast, they ruled small areas until their final defeat at the hands of the Egyptian Mamluks at the end of the thirteenth century. By the end of the 13th century it had begun to pull even, and by the end of the 15th century it had surpassed both. On the next day they proceed en masse to 'Arafat, even farther outside Mecca, and pray and meditate in what is the central rite of the pilgrimage: "the standing" - a few precious hours of profound self-examination, supplication, and penance in which, many say, a Muslim comes as close to God as he can, on earth. According to a bibliography of his writings al-Razi wrote 184 works, including a huge compendium of his experiments, observations, and diagnoses with the title al-Hawi, "The All-Encompassing.". When, for example, al-Mamun marched from Khorasan to Baghdad, he left a trusted general named Tahir ibn al-Husayn in charge of the eastern province. But he also stood firm when, in the wake of the Prophet's death, some tribes renounced Islam; in what was a major accomplishment, Abu Bakr swiftly disciplined them. By occupying Constantinople, the capital of their Christian allies, in the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders achieved what the Arabs had been trying to do from the early days of Islam. It is generally accepted that the Arabic alphabet developed from the script used for Nabataean, a dialect of Aramaic used in northern Arabia and what is now Jordan during roughly the thousand years before the start of the Islamic era. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet. Later a director of the House of Wisdom, Hunayn also wrote at least twenty-nine original treatises of his own on medical topics, and a collection of ten essays on ophthalmology which covered, in systematic fashion, the anatomy and physiology of the eye and the treatment of various diseases which afflict vision. For a time the Fatimids aspired to be rulers of the whole Islamic world, and their achievements were impressive. Yet it is, in the deeply personal terms of a Muslim, something more as well. The result was to wipe out much of the priceless cultural, scientific, and technological legacy that Muslim scholars had been preserving and enlarging for some five hundred years. Master of the Day of Judgment; 'Uthman was accused of favoritism to members of his family - the clan of Umayyah. Kuran: There are problems that are rooted in traditional Islamic law, which govern business until the 20th century that have kept businesses small and short-lived. Marwan ibn Muhammad, the last Umayyad caliph, was defeated and the Syrians, still loyal to the Umayyads, were put to rout. The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage to Mecca - the hajj. Photo: A pillar marks the Mount of Mercy the rocky hill rising from the plain of Arafat. Since the invention of printing from type, however, calligraphy (which means, literally "beautiful writing") has come to be used in English and the other European languages only for special documents and on special occasions and has declined to the status of a relatively minor art. The Constitution of Medina - under which the clans accepting Muhammad as the Prophet of God formed an alliance, or federation - dates from this period. But the Arab military adventures do not seem to have been intended as a religious war of conversion. They were repulsed, but by 1444 they had advanced into Greece and Albania, leaving Constantinople isolated though unconquered. In addition to their military abilities the Turks seem to have been endowed with a special talent for organization. This, together with a series of brilliant sultans - culminating in the redoubtable Suleiman the Magnificent - established the foundations of an empire that at its height was comparable to that of the Romans. The tawaf of the return is the last essential devotion of the pilgrimage; now the pilgrims have become hajjis - those who have completed the hajj. In the years following 861, the Turks made and unmade rulers at will, a trend that accelerated the decline of the central authority. The inimitability of the Quran has crystallized in the Muslim view of i'jaz or "impossibility," which holds that the style of the Quran, being divine, cannot be imitated: any attempt to do so is doomed to failure. This conquest was made much easier by the weakness of the Sassanid Empire, which was wounded by internal conflicts and a lengthy war with the Byzantine Empire. It made it possible to put books within the reach of everyone. Fasting is also an exercise in self-control and self-denial whereby one learns to appreciate the pangs of hunger that the poor often feel. During the second Mongol invasion, Tamerlane had met and very nearly annihilated another rising power: the Ottomans. Abu Bakr's caliphate was short but important. On the contrary, the Muslims permitted Christians and Jews to practice their own faith and numerous conversions to Islam were the result of exposure to a faith that was simple and inspiring. In 610 CE at Mecca there wasn't any religion to follow. In the ninth century the Caliph al-Mamun, son of the famous Harun al-Rashid, began to tap that invaluable source. Of both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam independent state, the... Communications throughout the far flung empire - the hajj, but fighting became endemic and war broke again. 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